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Usuario:Bien claro/Borradores

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En ajedrez, el jugador que mueve primero se le llama "blancas", y el jugador que mueve segundo se le llama "negras". Igualmente las piezas se llaman, respectivamente, "las piezas blancas" y "las piezas negras". Las piezas a menudo no son literalmente blancas y negras, pero son de otros colores (normalmente un color claro y un color oscuro, respectivamente). Los 64

In chess, the player who moves first is referred to as "White" and the player who moves second is referred to as "Black." Similarly, the pieces that each conducts are called, respectively, "the white pieces" and "the black pieces." The pieces are often not literally white and black, but some other colors (usually a light color and a dark color, respectively). The 64 squares of the chessboard, which is colored in a checkered pattern, are likewise referred to as "white squares" or "light squares" on the one hand, and "black squares" or "dark squares" on the other. In most cases, the squares are not actually white and black, but a light color and a contrasting dark color. For example, the squares on plastic boards are often white and green, while those on wood boards are often light brown and dark brown.

In old chess writings, the sides are often called Red and Black, because those are the two colors of ink then commonly available when drawing chess position diagrams.

History

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As Howard Staunton observed, "In the earlier ages of chess, the board was simply divided into sixty-four squares, without any difference of colour".[1]​ The checkering of the squares was a European innovation, introduced in the thirteenth century.[2]​

The convention of White having the first move is much more recent than that. François-André Danican Philidor in the original (1749) edition of his famous treatise Analyse du jeu des Échecs cited one game in which Black moved first.[3]​ Johann Horny, in a book published in Germany in 1824, wrote that Black moves first.[4]​ Phillip Sergeant writes in his book A History of British Chess of the great Alexander McDonnell (1798–1835), remembered today for his series of matches with Labourdonnais:[5]​

He preferred to have Black, as first player as well as second ... this was a common fad in his day, which persisted with a great number of players, as a study of the Chess Players' Chronicle and other magazines shows.

In the Immortal Game (Anderssen-Kieseritzky, offhand game, London 1851), one of the most famous games in history, Anderssen had the Black pieces but moved first.[6]​

As late as the mid-to-late 19th century, the practice of White moving first had not yet become standard. George Walker in his popular treatise The Art of Chess-Play: A New Treatise on the Game of Chess (4th edition 1846), set forth the rules of London's St. George's Chess Club promulgated in June, 1841.[7]​ "Law III" provided that the player who moved first had the choice of color; if the players played more games at the same sitting, the first move would alternate, but each player would continue to use the same colored pieces as he had in the first game.[8]​

On October 19, 1857, Mr. Perrin, the Secretary of the New York Chess Club, informed those assembled at the First American Chess Congress that he had received a letter from Johann Löwenthal, a leading English master, "suggesting the advisableness of always giving the first move in public games, to the player of the white pieces."[9]​ Löwenthal also wrote that London's chess clubs had adopted a new rule that White always moves first.[10]​ The club evidently did not follow Löwenthal's advice, since in its match the following year against its Philadelphia counterpart, Philadelphia played White in both games, but moved first only in the second game.[11]​

Chess historian Robert John McCrary writes that the earliest rule he has found requiring that White move first is Rule 9 given on page 126 of the New York, 1880 tournament book, which specified, "In each round the players shall have the first move alternately; in the first game it shall be determined by lot. The one having the move, in every case, is to play with the white pieces." McCrary observes:[12]​

Prior to that, it had gradually become conventional, over a number of years, to have White move first in published analysis, and by about 1862 to have White move first in all published games. But it was evident that players could in many cases choose Black when they had the first move, even if the published game-score indicated that White had moved first.

Three years after the example cited by McCrary, the "Revised International Chess Code" issued at the London 1883 tournament (one of the strongest in history)[13]​ provided that the player who won by lot the right to move first had the choice of color.[14]​

In 1889 Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Champion, wrote that "In all international and public Chess matches and tournaments ... it is the rule for the first player to have the white men".[15]​ Emanuel Lasker, the second World Champion, stated unequivocally in Lasker's Manual of Chess (first published in 1927)[16]​ that "White makes the first move".[17]​

First-move advantage

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Artículo principal: First-move advantage in chess

There has been a debate among chess players at least since 1889 about whether playing first gives White a significant advantage. Statistical analysis shows that White scores between 52 and 56 percent at most levels of play, with White's margin increasing as the standard of play improves.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Howard Staunton, The Chess-Player's Handbook (1847), Henry C. Bohn, p. 1.
  2. ↑ Henry A. Davidson, A Short History of Chess, David McKay, 1981, p. 144. ISBN 0-679-14550-8.
  3. ↑ François-André Danican Philidor, Analysis of the Game of Chess (1749 and 1777, reprinted 2005), Hardinge Simpole, p. 32. ISBN 1-84382-161-3.
  4. ↑ Andy Soltis, Chess to Enjoy, Stein and Day, 1978, p. 86. ISBN 0-8128-6059-4.
  5. ↑ Phillip W. Sergeant, A History of British Chess, David McKay, 1934, pp. 39–40.
  6. ↑ Kling and Horwitz: The Chess Player, July 1851
  7. ↑ George Walker, The Art of Chess-Play: A New Treatise on the Game of Chess (4th ed. 1846), Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper, p. 16.
  8. ↑ Walker, p. 18.
  9. ↑ David Lawson, Paul Morphy: The Pride and Sorrow of Chess, p. 65, David McKay, 1976. ISBN 0-679-13044-6.
  10. ↑ Edward Winter, Chess Note 5454, citing Martin Frère Hillyer, Thomas Frère and the Brotherhood of Chess, Jefferson, 2007, p. 38. Retrieved on 2009-01-18.
  11. ↑ Neil Brennen, "New York vs. Philadelphia: The 1858 Telegraph Match," Chess Life, June 2008, p. 38.
  12. ↑ Edward Winter, Chess Note 5447. Retrieved on 2009-01-18.
  13. ↑ According to Chessmetrics, London 1883 was the second strongest tournament played between 1840 and 1900, and included the world's seven best players at that time.
  14. ↑ Rule 2 of the Code provided that, "Before the beginning of the first game the first move and choice of colour are determined by lot. The first move changes alternately in match play." J.I. Minchin, The Games played in the London International Chess Tournament 1883, 1883 (reprinted 1973 by British Chess Magazine), p. xiv.
  15. ↑ Wilhelm Steinitz, The Modern Chess Instructor (1889, reprinted 1990), Edition Olms AG, Zürich, p. xii. ISBN 3-283-00111-1.
  16. ↑ David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed. 1992), Oxford University Press, p. 219. ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
  17. ↑ Emanuel Lasker, Lasker's Manual of Chess, Dover, 1960, p. 12.
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