Universo de energía cero

El Universo de Energía Cero es una hipótesis que se basa en que la energía total del universo es cero. Cuando la energía del universo es considerada como un pseudotensor, el resultado del cálculo completo es cero. De esta manera la energía positiva en forma de materia se anularía completamente con la energía gravitatoria generada por esta.^[1]^[2]

Al ser la energía total del universo cero, este puede duplicar la cantidad de energía de materia positiva y de energía gravitatoria negativa sin que se viole la conservación de la energía.^[3]

Interpretación ontológica

Una propiedad genérica de la inflación es el equilibrio de la energía gravitacional negativa, dentro del área inflacionaria, con la energía positiva del campo del inflatón creando un universo post-inflacionario con una densidad de energía mínima o nula.^[4]^[5] Es el equilibrio de la energía total del universo la que permite el crecimiento ilimitado posible con la inflación. Durante la inflación la energía circula desde el campo gravitatorio al campo del inflatón. Toda la energía gravitacional disminuye (por ejemplo, se vuelve más negativa) y toda la energía del inflatón aumenta (se vuelve más positiva). Pero las densidades de energía respectivas permanecen constantes y viceversa ya que el área se expande. En cualquier caso, la inflación explica por otro lado la extraña aniquilación de materia y energía gravitacional a escalas cosmológicas, lo que es consistente con las observaciones astronómicas.^[6]

Fluctuación cuántica

Gracias a la incertidumbre cuántica las fluctuaciones energéticas como el electrón y su antipartícula, el positrón, pueden generarse espontáneamente en el vacío, para desaparecer casi inmediatamente. Este efecto ha sido propuesto como un posible origen del universo por los físicos Dennis Sciama, Edward Tryon y Stephen Hawking en su libro El gran diseño.

Véase también

Referencias

↑ «A Universe from Nothing». Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archivado desde el original el 22 de octubre de 2013. Consultado el 10 de marzo de 2010. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff
↑ «A Universe From Nothing lecture by Lawrence Krauss at AAI». 2009. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2011.
↑ Hawking, Stephen (2010). La teoría del todo: El origen y el destino del universo. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. p. 97. ISBN 8483068923.
↑ Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe, (ISBN 0-224-04448-6) Appendix A) Since the negative energy of a gravitational field is crucial to the notion of a zero-energy universe, it is a subject worth examining carefully. In this appendix I will explain how the properties of gravity can be used to show that the energy of a gravitational field is unambiguously negative. The argument will be described [in the appendix] in the context of Newton's theory of gravity, although the same conclusion can be reached using Einstein's theory of general relativity.
↑ Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 129.
↑ "We might decide that there wasn't any singularity. The point is that the raw material doesn't really have to come from anywhere. When you have strong gravitational fields, they can create matter. It may be that there aren't really any quantities which are constant in time in the universe. The quantity of matter is not constant, because matter can be created or destroyed. But we might say that the energy of the universe would be constant, because when you create matter, you need to use energy. And in a sense the energy of the universe is constant; it is a constant whose value is zero. The positive energy of the matter is exactly balanced by the negative energy of the gravitational field. So the universe can start off with zero energy and still create matter. Obviously, the universe starts off at a certain time. Now you can ask: what sets the universe off. There doesn't really have to be any beginning to the universe. It might be that space and time together are like the surface of the earth, but with two more dimensions, with degrees of latitude playing the role of time." -- Stephen Hawking, "If There's an Edge to the Universe, There Must Be a God" (interview), in Renée Weber, Dialogues With Scientists and Sages: The Search for Unity, 1986. (Also partially reprinted in "God as the Edge of the Universe", in The Scientist, Vol. 1, No. 7, February 23, 1987, p. 15.)

Datos: Q3179491

[1] «A Universe from Nothing». Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archivado desde el original el 22 de octubre de 2013. Consultado el 10 de marzo de 2010. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff

[2] «A Universe From Nothing lecture by Lawrence Krauss at AAI». 2009. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2011.

[3] Hawking, Stephen (2010). La teoría del todo: El origen y el destino del universo. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. p. 97. ISBN 8483068923.

[4] Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe, (ISBN 0-224-04448-6) Appendix A) Since the negative energy of a gravitational field is crucial to the notion of a zero-energy universe, it is a subject worth examining carefully. In this appendix I will explain how the properties of gravity can be used to show that the energy of a gravitational field is unambiguously negative. The argument will be described [in the appendix] in the context of Newton's theory of gravity, although the same conclusion can be reached using Einstein's theory of general relativity.

[5] Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 129.

[6] "We might decide that there wasn't any singularity. The point is that the raw material doesn't really have to come from anywhere. When you have strong gravitational fields, they can create matter. It may be that there aren't really any quantities which are constant in time in the universe. The quantity of matter is not constant, because matter can be created or destroyed. But we might say that the energy of the universe would be constant, because when you create matter, you need to use energy. And in a sense the energy of the universe is constant; it is a constant whose value is zero. The positive energy of the matter is exactly balanced by the negative energy of the gravitational field. So the universe can start off with zero energy and still create matter. Obviously, the universe starts off at a certain time. Now you can ask: what sets the universe off. There doesn't really have to be any beginning to the universe. It might be that space and time together are like the surface of the earth, but with two more dimensions, with degrees of latitude playing the role of time." -- Stephen Hawking, "If There's an Edge to the Universe, There Must Be a God" (interview), in Renée Weber, Dialogues With Scientists and Sages: The Search for Unity, 1986. (Also partially reprinted in "God as the Edge of the Universe", in The Scientist, Vol. 1, No. 7, February 23, 1987, p. 15.)

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