En matemáticas , la función de Spence , o dilogaritmo , denotado como Li2 (z ), es un caso particular de función polilogarítmica . Dos funciones especiales relacionadas se conocen como función de Spence, el dilogaritmo en sí:
El dilogaritmo a lo largo del eje real
Li
2
(
z
)
=
−
∫
0
z
ln
(
1
−
u
)
u
d
u
,
z
∈
C
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)=-\int _{0}^{z}{\ln(1-u) \over u}\,du{\text{, }}z\in \mathbb {C} }
y su simétrica.
Para
|
z
|
<
1
{\displaystyle |z|<1}
también se aplica una serie infinita (la definición integral constituye su extensión analítica al plano complejo ):
Li
2
(
z
)
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
z
k
k
2
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{z^{k} \over k^{2}}.}
Alternativamente, la función dilogaritmo a veces se define como
∫
1
v
ln
t
1
−
t
d
t
=
Li
2
(
1
−
v
)
.
{\displaystyle \int _{1}^{v}{\frac {\ln t}{1-t}}dt=\operatorname {Li} _{2}(1-v).}
En geometría hiperbólica el dilogaritmo
Li
2
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)}
permite obtener el volumen hiperbólico de un símplex ideal cuyos vértices ideales guardan una razón anarmónica
z
{\displaystyle z}
. La función de Lobachevski y la Función de Clausen están estrechamente relacionadas con el dilogaritmo.
William Spence, de quien la función recibió el nombre según los primeros autores que trataron este campo, fue un matemático escocés que trabajó a principios del siglo XIX .[ 1] Fue compañero de escuela de John Galt ,[ 2] quien escribiría un ensayo biográfico sobre Spence.
Li
2
(
z
)
+
Li
2
(
−
z
)
=
1
2
Li
2
(
z
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)+\operatorname {Li} _{2}(-z)={\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}(z^{2}).}
[ 3]
Li
2
(
1
−
z
)
+
Li
2
(
1
−
1
z
)
=
−
ln
2
z
2
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(1-z)+\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(1-{\frac {1}{z}}\right)=-{\frac {\ln ^{2}z}{2}}.}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
z
)
+
Li
2
(
1
−
z
)
=
π
2
6
−
ln
z
⋅
ln
(
1
−
z
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)+\operatorname {Li} _{2}(1-z)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{6}}-\ln z\cdot \ln(1-z).}
[ 3]
Li
2
(
−
z
)
−
Li
2
(
1
−
z
)
+
1
2
Li
2
(
1
−
z
2
)
=
−
π
2
12
−
ln
z
⋅
ln
(
z
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(-z)-\operatorname {Li} _{2}(1-z)+{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}(1-z^{2})=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{12}}-\ln z\cdot \ln(z+1).}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
z
)
+
Li
2
(
1
z
)
=
−
π
2
6
−
1
2
ln
2
(
−
z
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(z)+\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{z}}\right)=-{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln ^{2}(-z).}
[ 3]
Identidades de valores particulares
editar
Li
2
(
1
3
)
−
1
6
Li
2
(
1
9
)
=
π
2
18
−
ln
2
3
6
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)-{\frac {1}{6}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{9}}\right)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{18}}-{\frac {\ln ^{2}3}{6}}.}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
−
1
2
)
+
1
6
Li
2
(
1
9
)
=
−
π
2
18
+
ln
2
⋅
ln
3
−
ln
2
2
2
−
ln
2
3
3
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)+{\frac {1}{6}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{9}}\right)=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{18}}+\ln 2\cdot \ln 3-{\frac {\ln ^{2}2}{2}}-{\frac {\ln ^{2}3}{3}}.}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
1
4
)
+
1
3
Li
2
(
1
9
)
=
π
2
18
+
2
ln
2
ln
3
−
2
ln
2
2
−
2
3
ln
2
3.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)+{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{9}}\right)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{18}}+2\ln 2\ln 3-2\ln ^{2}2-{\frac {2}{3}}\ln ^{2}3.}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
−
1
3
)
−
1
3
Li
2
(
1
9
)
=
−
π
2
18
+
1
6
ln
2
3.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(-{\frac {1}{3}}\right)-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{9}}\right)=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{18}}+{\frac {1}{6}}\ln ^{2}3.}
[ 4]
Li
2
(
−
1
8
)
+
Li
2
(
1
9
)
=
−
1
2
ln
2
9
8
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(-{\frac {1}{8}}\right)+\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{9}}\right)=-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln ^{2}{\frac {9}{8}}.}
[ 4]
36
Li
2
(
1
2
)
−
36
Li
2
(
1
4
)
−
12
Li
2
(
1
8
)
+
6
Li
2
(
1
64
)
=
π
2
.
{\displaystyle 36\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)-36\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)-12\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{8}}\right)+6\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{64}}\right)={\pi }^{2}.}
Li
2
(
−
1
)
=
−
π
2
12
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(-1)=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{12}}.}
Li
2
(
0
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(0)=0.}
Li
2
(
1
2
)
=
π
2
12
−
ln
2
2
2
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{12}}-{\frac {\ln ^{2}2}{2}}.}
Li
2
(
1
)
=
ζ
(
2
)
=
π
2
6
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(1)=\zeta (2)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{6}},}
donde
ζ
(
s
)
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)}
es la función zeta de Riemann .
Li
2
(
2
)
=
π
2
4
−
i
π
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{2}(2)={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{4}}-i\pi \ln 2.}
Li
2
(
−
5
−
1
2
)
=
−
π
2
15
+
1
2
ln
2
5
+
1
2
=
−
π
2
15
+
1
2
arcsch
2
2.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(-{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{2}}\right)&=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{15}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\ln ^{2}{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{2}}\\&=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{15}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {arcsch} ^{2}2.\end{aligned}}}
Li
2
(
−
5
+
1
2
)
=
−
π
2
10
−
ln
2
5
+
1
2
=
−
π
2
10
−
arcsch
2
2.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left(-{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{2}}\right)&=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{10}}-\ln ^{2}{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{2}}\\&=-{\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{10}}-\operatorname {arcsch} ^{2}2.\end{aligned}}}
Li
2
(
3
−
5
2
)
=
π
2
15
−
ln
2
5
+
1
2
=
π
2
15
−
arcsch
2
2.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {3-{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)&={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{15}}-\ln ^{2}{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{2}}\\&={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{15}}-\operatorname {arcsch} ^{2}2.\end{aligned}}}
Li
2
(
5
−
1
2
)
=
π
2
10
−
ln
2
5
+
1
2
=
π
2
10
−
arcsch
2
2.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Li} _{2}\left({\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{2}}\right)&={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{10}}-\ln ^{2}{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{2}}\\&={\frac {{\pi }^{2}}{10}}-\operatorname {arcsch} ^{2}2.\end{aligned}}}
En física de partículas
editar
La función de Spence se utiliza en física de partículas al calcular las correcciones radiativas . En este contexto, la función a menudo se define con un valor absoluto dentro del logaritmo:
Φ
(
x
)
=
−
∫
0
x
ln
|
1
−
u
|
u
d
u
=
{
Li
2
(
x
)
,
x
≤
1
;
π
2
3
−
1
2
ln
2
(
x
)
−
Li
2
(
1
x
)
,
x
>
1.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {\Phi } (x)=-\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {\ln |1-u|}{u}}\,du={\begin{cases}\operatorname {Li} _{2}(x),&x\leq 1;\\{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{3}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln ^{2}(x)-\operatorname {Li} _{2}({\frac {1}{x}}),&x>1.\end{cases}}}
Lewin, L. (1958). Dilogarithms and associated functions . Foreword by J. C. P. Miller. London: Macdonald. MR 0105524 .
Morris, Robert (1979). «The dilogarithm function of a real argument» . Math. Comp. 33 (146): 778-787. MR 521291 . doi :10.1090/S0025-5718-1979-0521291-X .
Loxton, J. H. (1984). «Special values of the dilogarithm» . Acta Arith. 18 (2): 155-166. MR 0736728 . doi :10.4064/aa-43-2-155-166 .
Kirillov, Anatol N. (1994). «Dilogarithm identities». Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 118 : 61-142. Bibcode :1995PThPS.118...61K . arXiv :hep-th/9408113 . doi :10.1143/PTPS.118.61 .
Osacar, Carlos; Palacian, Jesus; Palacios, Manuel (1995). «Numerical evaluation of the dilogarithm of complex argument». Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 62 (1): 93-98. Bibcode :1995CeMDA..62...93O . doi :10.1007/BF00692071 .
Zagier, Don (2007). «The Dilogarithm Function» . En Pierre Cartier; Pierre Moussa; Bernard Julia et al. , eds. Frontiers in Number Theory, Physics, and Geometry II . pp. 3-65. ISBN 978-3-540-30308-4 . doi :10.1007/978-3-540-30308-4_1 .